India and Russia have activated a new defence cooperation framework after the Reciprocal Exchange of Logistics Support Agreement (RELOS), signed in February 2025, came into force. The agreement allows both countries to deploy up to 3,000 troops, along with a limited number of warships and military aircraft, in each other’s territories.
RELOS is designed to deepen defence ties by enabling mutual access to military bases, airfields, ports, and airspace. This access will support joint military exercises, training programmes, humanitarian assistance, and disaster relief operations.
The agreement, which was ratified by Russia’s State Duma in December 2025 and came into effect in January, will remain valid for five years, with an option for extension if both sides agree. It permits the simultaneous deployment of up to five warships, ten aircraft, and 3,000 personnel in either country during the agreement period.
Defence officials have noted that the pact significantly strengthens operational cooperation. It also introduces a streamlined system for naval port visits, airspace usage, and access to airfield infrastructure for military aircraft from both sides.
Beyond military coordination, RELOS also covers logistics support, including transport and supply arrangements during joint exercises and relief operations. This includes coordinated responses to natural disasters, humanitarian crises, and other emergency situations as mutually agreed.
The agreement is also seen as strategically important in broader terms. India already imports liquefied natural gas from Russia’s Arctic region, and the new framework could allow Indian naval and commercial vessels access to Russian Arctic ports for refuelling and maintenance, with icebreaker support through frozen routes.
Overall, RELOS is expected to create a more structured and efficient defence partnership, strengthening long-term military cooperation between India and Russia.
